State Schools, Independent Schools, SEND, PP: Decoding UK School Terminology

When schools and educators use jargon and abbreviations, it may be difficult for parents to understand these terms. This blog outlines some of the key terms you might encounter on documents and websites.

Key Terms 1: Schools

What is a state school?

State schools (also known as comprehensive schools) are funded by local government or an academy trust. Students typically receive offers if they live in the catchment area, attend a feeder primary school, or have older siblings already attending the school. State schools do not charge fees.

What is an independent school?

Independent schools (also known as private schools) are not funded by the government. They are managed either by the school owners or by a board of trustees. Parents pay termly fees. Students usually need to take an entrance exam and attend a formal interview to gain admission. Scholarships are sometimes offered for students with notable academic talent, musical ability or sporting skills. The term 'public school' in the UK refers to elite prestigious independent schools such as Eton College or Harrow School.

What is a grammar school?

Grammar schools are state funded but selective, requiring students to pass an entrance exam. Places are typically awarded to students with high scores, or those who live in the school's catchment area. As there are no fees, admission to grammar schools is highly competitive.

Note: Some former grammar schools have become private schools but kept 'grammar' in their name. Check the school website to confirm the school's status.

Key Terms 2: Support and Assessment

To research potential schools, familiarity with these terms is helpful:

League Tables

Schools are assessed on various measures, with results published yearly in a league table. These tables can assist in evaluating a school's performance over recent years. There are two main focus areas for league tables: the percentage of children achieving 5+ Grades 4-9 (formerly 5+A*-C) and a Progress 8 score.

5+ Grades 4-9

Grade 4 in the numerical grading system corresponds to a Grade C GCSE. Grade 9 is equivalent to an A**. Ideally, students should achieve at least Grade 4 in English and Maths.

Progress 8

Progress 8 is a 'value-added' measure reflecting the performance of secondary schools based on students' progress from Year 6 SATs to GCSE results. A good Progress 8 score (+1) indicates that students are making greater progress than the national average.

Standard Attainment Tests (SATs)

SATs are administered in state primary schools—and some independent schools—at the end of Year 6, assessing performance in English and Maths.

General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE)

GCSEs are qualifications in specific subjects completed during KS4 (Years 10 and 11). Most students take 8 GCSEs, though some may take more or fewer depending on individual circumstances.

Special Educational Needs and Disabilities (SEND)

Students with additional needs are listed on their school’s SEND register. A Special Educational Needs Co-ordinator (SENDCO) oversees the children on the register. Children with significant needs receive an Education Health and Care Plan (EHCP). Students on the SEND register or with an EHCP may receive extra support for exams. Contact your school SENDCO for details. Additionally, some schools prioritise places for children with SEND. Review the Admissions Criteria for more information.

Pupil Premium

The Pupil Premium is additional funding provided by the government to support disadvantaged pupils in state schools. It applies to pupils who are eligible for free school meals (FSM), those who have been eligible at any point in the last six years (known as Ever 6 FSM), children in care or adopted from care, and children of armed forces personnel. The funding aims to close the attainment gap between disadvantaged pupils and their peers, ensuring all pupils have an equal opportunity to succeed in school. Schools must use Pupil Premium funds in ways that improve educational outcomes for eligible pupils, such as providing extra tuition, resources, or support programmes. Parents can enquire about how their child’s school utilises these funds by reviewing the school’s Pupil Premium strategy and impact reports, which are published annually.

Office for Standards in Education (Ofsted)

Ofsted is a government-run assessment programme led by former headteachers and senior leaders. State schools undergo regular inspections evaluating various aspects such as progress, leadership, management, teaching and learning. Schools receive ratings of Outstanding, Good, Requires Improvement or Inadequate. Inspection frequency depends on previous ratings.

Advice for Parents Regarding Ofsted

• Review the latest Ofsted inspection report for schools you are considering. Reports are available on the Ofsted website and provide insights into the school’s strengths and areas for improvement.

• Understand the rating system: schools rated Outstanding may undergo fewer inspections, but it’s worth checking that the rating reflects the current performance.

• Pay attention to comments on school leadership, as strong leadership often correlates with good academic results and a positive school environment.

• Contact the school directly with any questions about specific points raised in the Ofsted report, such as curriculum changes or support for SEND students.

• Remember that Ofsted reports are one measure of a school’s quality. Visiting the school during open days and speaking to parents, teachers and students can provide a more rounded view.

Common Application Form (CAF)

The CAF is a local authority form required for state school applications (including grammar schools). Submit the CAF form in the autumn of Year 6, with a deadline of 31st October. For independent schools, apply directly to each school.

National Offer Day

National Offer Day is when you learn which secondary school your child has been allocated a place to. Allocations are announced in March of Year 6.

Additional Advice for Parents

• Research school admissions criteria early, especially for grammar and independent schools, as requirements can vary.

• Consider creating a timeline for application deadlines, entrance exams and any preparation activities.

• Visit prospective schools during open days to understand the environment, facilities and teaching ethos.

• Look into scholarship or bursary opportunities if considering independent schools, as financial aid may be available.

• Join local parent forums or groups to share experiences and gather recommendations about schools in your region.